A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two different ram introduction protocols within the Eastern Cape communal sheep farming sector as well as potential reproductive disease prevalence in sheep flocks. The study was done in two phases where the first phase looked at the number of offspring produced as a result of the newly introduced rams. These rams were introduced in two different ways whereby in half of the targeted communities, all reproductively active males were removed before introduction and in the other half, no rams were removed. The second phase looked at the percentage of ewes lambing and whether there was any correlation between that and potential reproductive disease prevalence in the respective ewe flocks. At the time of lambing, 531 ewes were actively participating in the trial. From these ewes a total of 398 lambs were born and sampled. In the two communities where no rams were removed, a positive parentage verification of 20.83% and 28.87% were recorded. In the two communities where all rams were either removed or castrated before introduction of new rams, a positive parentage verification of 30.30% and 67.39% were recorded, with the latter being significantly higher than the other three communities. The mean cumulative prevalence of antibodies in blood samples against brucellosis (Brucella meletensis), enzootic abortion (Chlamydia abortus) and vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus) were 55.00%, 56.66%, 50.00% and 41.66% respectively for the four communities. The community with the lowest mean cumulative antibody prevalence (41.66%) had the highest lambing rate (75.56%). These investigations were done in support of the continuous wool sheep genetic improvement programs conducted by both the Government Department of Agriculture and the National Wool Growers Association.